Syrian forces fought within the 1948 war between Arab forces and the new state of Israel. Syrian and Israeli frontier forces clashed in 1951 over an Israeli drainage project within the demilitarized zone between the 2 nations. Alexander the Great added Syria to his empire in 333 B.C.E., and one of his generals, Seleucus I, who based Antioch in Ancient Syria (located in Turkey in 2007), continued Greek rule. The area, and much of western Asia, passed to the Seleucids beneath Antiochus III and Antiochus IV, and became known as the dominion of Syria. Gradually, Seleucid authority was limited to Damascus and Antioch, as Nabataeans and Jews feuded over the rest.
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The French sentenced al-Atrash to death, however he had escaped with the rebels to Transjordan and was ultimately pardoned. He returned to Syria in 1937 after the signing of the Syrian-French Treaty. Syria briefly got here underneath Armenian control from eighty three BC, with the conquests of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great, who was welcomed as a savior from the Seleucids and Romans by the Syrian people. However, Pompey the Great, a basic of the Roman Empire, rode to Syria and captured Antioch and turned Syria into a Roman province in sixty four BC, thus ending Armenian control over the region which had lasted 20 years.
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At Mari (Tel Hariri) numerous palaces, temples and murals have been discovered that mirror advanced cultural and business activity. Syria was occupied successively by Canaanites, Hebrews, Arameans, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. Damascus, additionally commonly known as “ash-Shām” is the capital and largest metropolis, and had a inhabitants of about four.5 million in 2007. The metropolis is a Governorates by itself, and the capital of the Governorates of Rif Dimashq (Rural Damascus). Officials have mentioned that holding direct elections at this stage could be too logistically difficult since many Syrians have lost personal documentation or live as refugees abroad after the almost 14-year civil warfare.
- Turkish troops have been involved in floor operations against the Islamic State since 2016 and have launched assaults in opposition to armed Kurdish teams in Syria.
- By the top of the fifteenth century, the invention of a sea route from Europe to the Far East ended the necessity for an overland trade route via Syria.
- In the meantime, an emir named Sunqur al-Ashqar had tried to declare himself ruler of Damascus, however he was defeated by Qalawun on 21 June 1280 and fled to northern Syria.
- 5th Century AD – Syria becomes part surviving japanese Roman or Byzantine Empire following the fall of the western half of the empire.
- Syria additionally has a major Armenian inhabitants, as properly a substantial variety of Iraqi refugees.
- A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is residence to numerous ethnic and religious teams.
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There are at present 900 U.S. troops stationed in Syria to stop a resurgence of Islamic State exercise. Since mid-October 2023, American bases in Iraq and Syria have been subject to assaults from these varied teams. On November 23, U.S. and worldwide forces in northeastern Syria and Iraq have been attacked with drones and rockets 4 times in twenty-four hours. In February 2024, the U.S. conducted a sequence of retaliatory strikes following an attack in Jordan on a U.S. military outpost near the Syrian border that killed three U.S. soldiers.
- Internal power-struggles inside Ba’athist factions triggered further coups in 1966 and 1970, the latter of which saw Hafez al-Assad come to energy.
- Clashes between Bedouin tribes and Druze militias began across the metropolis of Sweida over the weekend, reportedly after members of a Bedouin group attacked a Druze man at a checkpoint they’d made (AP).
- In 1925, Sultan al-Atrash led a revolt that broke out in the Druze Mountain and unfold to engulf the entire of Syria and components of Lebanon.
- The U.S.-led worldwide coalition continues to hold out army strikes in opposition to the remnants of the Islamic State, as well as numerous Iranian-backed militias.
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Residential construction of tough concrete and blockwork is normally unpainted, and the palette of a Syrian village is subsequently simple tones of greys and browns. Class lines have coincided with racial differences, with lighter-skinned individuals holding larger economic and political positions. Landholders and merchants traditionally occupied the highest position socially and politically, and lived in Damascus or Aleppo. Religious teachers syria women had been influential, serving as judges, lecturers, and political officers. The family is the essential unit of society, and the father or grandfather has authority and is responsible for offering for the household. Children are regarded as a blessing from God, as children can work in the fields and care for their aged mother and father.
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The Al-Anṣariyyah mountain vary borders the coastal plain and runs from north to south. The mountains have a mean width of 20 miles (32 km), and their average top declines from three,000 feet (900 meters) in the north to 2,000 ft in the south. Directly to the east of the mountains is the Ghāb Depression, a 40-mile (64-km) longitudinal trench that accommodates the valley of the Orontes River (Nahr Al-ʿĀṣī). Syria is bounded by Turkey to the north, by Iraq to the east and southeast, by Jordan to the south, and by Lebanon and Israel to the southwest.
Contemporary Syrian literature additionally encompasses science fiction and futuristic utopiae (Nuhad Sharif, Talib Umran), which may additionally function media of dissent. Prior to the battle, Syria had a maternal mortality ratio of 52 deaths per a hundred,000 live births in 2009.[382] However, the continuing war has disrupted maternal healthcare companies, leading to elevated dangers for pregnant ladies. Drinks embody tea, soda, milk, and a drink made by mixing yogurt with water, salt, and garlic. Under Islamic tradition, alcohol consumption is uncommon, but beer and wine can be found, as is arak, an aniseed drink well-liked elsewhere in the Middle East. Syrian meals largely consists of Southern Mediterranean, Greek, and Middle Eastern dishes.
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It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. It is a republic underneath a transitional government and comprises 14 governorates. With a inhabitants of 25 million across an space of 185,a hundred and eighty sq. kilometres (71,500 sq mi), it is the 57th-most populous and 87th-largest nation. In wealthier properties, meals are like these eaten in different Middle Eastern nations. Islam forbids the consuming of pork, whereas other meats should be prepared following the foundations of halal cooking.
The undulating plains occupying the rest of the country are generally known as the Syrian Desert. In basic their elevation lies between 980 and 1,640 feet (300 and 500 meters); they’re seldom less than 820 toes (250 meters) above sea stage. The area isn’t a sand desert however comprises rock and gravel steppe; a mountainous area in the south-central space is named Al-Ḥamād. The Syrian music scene, particularly that of Damascus, has lengthy been among the many Arab world’s most important, especially in the area of classical Arab music.
By 2025, the struggle had left Syria’s economy in a poor state, following years of international sanctions that have been later eased. The Egyptians initially occupied a lot of the south, whereas the Hittites and the Mitanni occupied a lot of the north. However, Assyria eventually gained the higher hand, destroying the Mitanni Empire and annexing large swathes of territory beforehand held by the Hittites and Babylon. The fashionable state encompasses the websites of a quantity of ancient kingdoms and empires, together with the Eblan civilization. Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital under the Mamluk Sultanate. The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman rule, as a French Mandate.
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Writers must deal with government censorship, however fiction writing is not as tightly monitored as is non-fiction. Prominent modern Syrian writers embody, amongst others, Adonis, Muhammad Maghout, Haidar Haidar, Ghada al-Samman, Nizar Qabbani and Zakariyya Tamer. Traditional Syrian male attire is the long gown referred to as a “kaftan.” Women wear long robes that cover every thing except hands and toes. The educated higher lessons, particularly the younger, choose fashionable Western attire—bright colors, jewellery, makeup, and high heels for women, and dressy slacks and shirts for males. Jeans and T-shirts are rare, as are shorts and miniskirts and naked shoulders or higher arms for girls. Each tribe and villages has distinctive patterns, designs, and colours of clothing.
Rebels freed Assad regime prisoners throughout the offensive as they seized new territory. Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah—longtime supporters of Assad’s government—did not ship significant support to his Syrian Arab Army (SA) through the insurgent offensive. Concurrently, the Kurdish-dominated Syrian Defense Forces (SDF), which controls elements of northeastern Syria, proceed to clash with Arab tribes that accuse the group of discrimination while Turkey and its proxies proceed assaults on Kurdish forces. Factionalized preventing has made space for the self-proclaimed Islamic State to preserve a presence and launch attacks. Additionally, Israel regularly strikes Iranian and Syrian army positions in Syria and has elevated attacks, together with hitting the Damascus and Aleppo airports, since Hamas’s October 2023 attack on Israel. Lands that constitute modern-day Syria have been a part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and had been annexed by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC.



